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<p><b>Sound maps</b> are digital geographical maps that put emphasis on the sonic representation of a specific location. Sound maps are created by associating landmarks (streets in a city, train stations, stores, pathways, factories, oil pumps, etc.) and <a href="Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscapes</a>.

</p><p>The term “soundscape” refers to the sonic environment of a specific locale. It may also refer to actual environments, or to abstract constructions such as musical compositions and tape montages, particularly when considered as an artificial environment. The objective of sound maps is to represent a specific environment using its soundscape as primary references as opposed to visual cues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound maps are in many ways the most effective auditory archive of an environment. Sound maps are similar to <a href="Soundwalk" title="Soundwalk">sound walks</a> which are a form of active participation in the soundscape. Soundwalks and indeed, sound maps encourage the participants to listen discriminatively, and moreover, to make critical judgments about the sounds heard and their contribution to the balance or imbalance of the sonic environment. However, soundwalks will plot out a route for the user to follow and give guidance as to what the user may be hearing at each checkpoint. Sound maps, on the other hand, have specific soundscapes recorded that users can listen to at each checkpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_/_Background">History / Background</h2></div>

<p>The theoretical framework upon which sound maps are based derive from earlier research on acoustic ecology and soundscapes, the later being a term first coined by researcher and music composer <a href="R._Murray_Schafer" title="R. Murray Schafer">R. Murray Schafer</a> in the 1960s. Looking to challenge traditional ideas of recording reality, Schafer, along with several college music composers such as <a href="Barry_Truax" title="Barry Truax">Barry Truax</a> and <a href="Hildegard_Westerkamp" title="Hildegard Westerkamp">Hildegard Westerkamp</a>, funded the <a href="World_Soundscape_Project" title="World Soundscape Project">World Soundscape Project</a>, an ambitious sound recording project that led the team based in <a href="Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a> to travel within Canada and out in Europe to collect data on local soundscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds that they recorded were used to build a database of locales not based on the visual, but on their acoustic particularities. The result of the project had been released to the public in the form of a series of books entitled <i>The Music of the Environment</i> series which included narrative accounts of the soundscape recording activity (European Sound Diary) and soundscape analysis (Five Village Soundscapes).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when those works were first published, the recordings were not available for the public to listen to as the project mainly aimed at building a database of sound over a long period of time. The World Soundscape Project also birthed a major theoretical framework for future studies of acoustic ecology and soundscapes, among them R. Murray Schafer’s <i>The Tuning of the World</i> in which the idea of soundscape studies was first introduced as well as Barry Truax’s <i>The World Soundscape Project's Handbook for Acoustic Ecology</i> that presented the foundational terminology for research in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sound maps make use of new computer locative technologies to achieve the similar purpose of preserving the soundscape of specific locales, but differs in the way of presenting the sound database. Through digital technologies such as mapping software and audio file encoding, the objective of using sound maps is partly that of making a soundscape database available to the public in a comprehensive fashion by uploading each site-specific soundscape onto a digital map as well as making the end product available for public collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users are able to pull up a map of the city and click on the sound clip icons in order to hear the soundscape for that location. Some sound maps are crowd-sourced and therefore allow the public to record their own soundscapes and upload them onto the digital map provided by the site hosting the sound map. Therefore, the soundscape database is built by the public and made available to the public for use.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sound_Around_You_Project">The Sound Around You Project</h3></div>

<p>The Sound Around You Project began as a soundscape research project<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a>, UK in 2007. The project allows people to use audio recorders to record clips or sonic postcards of around 30 seconds in length from different sound environments, or ‘soundscapes’ from a family car journey to a busy shopping centre, and to upload them to the virtual map, along with their opinions of them and why they chose to record it. Sound Around You aims to raise awareness of how soundscape influences people.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_Sound_Map">New York Sound Map</h3></div>

<p>New York Sound Map (NYSoundmp) is a project of The New York Society for Acoustic Ecology (NYSAE), a New York metropolitan chapter of the American Society for Acoustic Ecology, an organization dedicated to exploring the role of sound in natural habitats and human societies, and promoting public dialog concerning the identification, preservation, and restoration of natural and cultural sound environments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NYSAE's purpose is to explore and create an ongoing dialog regarding aural experience specific to New York City. The NYSoundmap project is the direct result of the NYSAE's interest in collecting and disseminating the city's aural experiences to the general public. Through the NYSoundmap project, the NYSAE aims to facilitate a dialogue between people from a wide variety of communities and backgrounds - from beginners to professional sound artists and musicians.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanley_Park_Soundmap">Stanley Park Soundmap</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Stanley_Park" title="Stanley Park">Stanley Park</a> Soundmap is a web-based document of the sonic attributes of one of North America's largest urban parks located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a GPS unit, and a compact digital audio recorder 13 positions in the park were documented on Thursday, March 12, 2009. The location data and sound recordings were then linked to a map created in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based desktop application.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montréal_Sound_Map">Montréal Sound Map</h3></div>

<p>Montréal Sound Map is a web-based soundscape project that allows users to upload field recordings to a Google Map of Montréal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soundscape is fluid, and the project is meant to act as "a sonic time capsule with the goal of preserving sounds before they disappear".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonoteca_Bahia_Blanca">Sonoteca Bahia Blanca</h3></div>

<p>Sonoteca Bahia Blanca is a virtual platform that aims to provide a common space for the collection, concentration, sharing and distribution of sound through its georeferencing and organization in a database, from a collaborative, supportive cultural practice and community status. The project seeks to enhance the sound heritage of the city.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_Memory">Cities and Memory</h3></div>

<p><a href="Cities_and_Memory" title="Cities and Memory">Cities and Memory</a> is a collaborative sound art and field recording project which centres around a global sound map covering more than 120 countries and territories with every location featuring a field recording but also a reimagined composition based on that recording. The map features more than 6,000 sounds and 1,600 contributing artists.

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<ul><li><a href="Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient music</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li>

<li><a href="Biophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophony">Biophony</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_recording" title="Field recording">Field recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_map" title="Noise map">Noise map</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a></li>

<li><a href="Soundwalk" title="Soundwalk">Soundwalk</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Murray_Schafer" title="R. Murray Schafer">R. Murray Schafer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Schafer, Raymond Murray (ed.) (1977). European Sound Diary. Vancouver : A.R.C. Publications : A.R.C. the Aesthetic Research Centre ; Burnaby, B.C. : World Soundscape Project.</li>

<li>Schafer, Raymond Murray (ed.) (2009). Five Villages Soundscape (2nd edition) Joensuu: Tampereen Ammattikorkeakoulu University of Applied Sciences (1st edition 1977).</li>

<li>Smith, J. Susan (1994). "Soundscape". Area, Vol. 26, No.3, pp. 232–240. The Royal Geography Society.</li>

<li>Waldock, Jacqueline (2011)."SOUNDMAPPING: Critiques And Reflections On This New Publicly Engaging Medium". Journal of Sonic Studies, volume 1, nr. 1.</li>

<li>2006 <i>The West Meets the East in Acoustic Ecology</i> (Tadahiko Imada, Kozo Hiramatsu <i>et al.</i> Eds), Japanese Association for Sound Ecology & <a href="Hirosaki_University" title="Hirosaki University">Hirosaki University</a> International Music Centre <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>4-9903332-1-7</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_file">Sound file</h2></div>

<ol><li>Wind Portlandreginal(2011) by Scott Smallwood </li>

<li>Artcar(2011) by Scott Smallwood</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makingmaps.wordpress.com/2008/03/25/making-maps-with-sound/">"Making Maps with Sound " Making Maps: DIY Cartography"</a>. makingmaps.wordpress.com. 25 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-definition-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-definition_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTruax1978" class="citation book cs1">Truax, Barry (1978). <i>The world soundscape project's handbook for acoustic ecology</i>. A.R.C publication. p. 126. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88985-010-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schafer, Raymond Murray (1977). The Tuning of the World. Random House Inc.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~truax/wsp.html">"The World Soundscape Project"</a>. <i>The World Soundscape Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian2012" class="citation news cs1">Adrian, Wan (May 27, 2012). "The surround-sound approach to planning; 3-D noise maps show the impact on nearby residents of the sounds from traffic and construction sites, and more importantly, how to mitigate them". <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWaldock2011" class="citation journal cs1">Waldock, Jacqueline (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.sonicstudies.org/vol01/nr01/a08">"SOUNDMAPPING: Critiques And Reflections On This New Publicly Engaging Medium"</a>. <i>Journal of Sonic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMydlarz2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Mydlarz, Charlie (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usir.salford.ac.uk/29411/"><i>Application of mobile and internet technologies for the investigation of human relationships with soundscapes</i></a> (Ph.D.). University of Saldford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131111003432/http://www.nysoundmap.org/">"New York Sound Map"</a>. The New York Society for Sound Ecology. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/geog/geog351spring09/group07">"Stanley Park Soundmap"</a>. Simon Fraser University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montrealsoundmap.com/">"Montreal Sound Map"</a>. Max Stein<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montrealsoundmap.com/">"Montréal Sound Map"</a>. <i>www.montrealsoundmap.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escuta.org/en/projects/installation/sm/intro.html">Sound Mapping 1998</a>

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131111003432/http://www.nysoundmap.org/">New York Sound Map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://budapest.soundmap.info/">Sound Map of Budapest</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bratslava.soundmap.info/">Sound Map of Bratislava</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escuta.org/en/projects/research/cerrado/audio-map.html">Cerrado Ambisônico</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krakow.soundmap.info/">Sound Map of Krakow</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dzwiekowamapa.pl/">Sound Map of Wroclaw</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zvucnamapabeograda.rs">Belgrade Sound map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabeca.org">Rabeca.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soinumapa.net">Basque country sound map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://santorini.soundmap.info">Santorini Sound map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/geog/geog351spring09/group07">Stanley Park Sound map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonotecabahiablanca.com/mapa">Sonoteca Bahia Blanca Sound Map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montrealsoundmap.com">Montréal Sound map</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2013/01/14/exploring-sound-and-space-with-the-moma-studio-common-senses-sound-map/">the MoMa Studio</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aporee.org/maps/">radio aporee ::: maps global soundmap project</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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